Education in Ancient Indian Universities: Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Takshashila
Centuries before the world knew of Oxford or Cambridge, India had already built centers of learning that became beacons of knowledge for Asia and beyond. Among the most remarkable were Takshashila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila—three universities that not only trained scholars but also shaped kingdoms, philosophies, and even entire civilizations. Their story reads less like a list of facts and more like a living chronicle of human curiosity and the search for wisdom.
The earliest of these was Takshashila, which flourished as early as the 6th century BCE in what is now Pakistan. Takshashila was not a university in the modern sense of classrooms and schedules; it was a grand seat of learning where masters lived and taught, and students journeyed from distant lands to sit at their feet. The atmosphere was vibrant, with young men studying the Vedas under one teacher, while in another corner, future physicians practiced Ayurveda and surgery. It was here that the legendary teacher Chanakya (Kautilya) trained the young Chandragupta Maurya, instilling in him the political wisdom and strategies that would one day help him found the mighty Mauryan Empire. Takshashila was also famous for its medical school—so much so that students were trained not just in theory but also in practical healing, making it a hub of applied knowledge. The openness of Takshashila—where students could choose their subjects and teachers freely—made it a truly cosmopolitan center, centuries ahead of its time.
Several centuries later, in the fertile plains of Bihar, another institution rose that would outshine even Takshashila in scale and renown: Nalanda University. Established in the 5th century CE during the Gupta period, Nalanda grew into a sprawling, organized campus with monasteries, lecture halls, temples, and libraries so vast that one was said to rise nine stories high. The university housed over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers, a number that dwarfed most learning centers of its time. Admission was not easy—students had to pass rigorous examinations at the gates before being allowed entry. Once inside, they could study subjects as varied as Buddhist philosophy, logic, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and the arts.
The life of Nalanda was rich with debate and dialogue. Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hsuan Tsang), who spent years there in the 7th century, described how discussions often lasted late into the night, with students and teachers testing each other’s arguments in logic and philosophy. Xuanzang himself carried back more than 600 manuscripts to China, helping preserve Nalanda’s legacy. Another traveler, Yijing, marveled at the university’s discipline and daily routines. These vivid accounts remind us that Nalanda was more than a center of Buddhist learning—it was a true international university that brought together seekers from across Asia.
If Nalanda was the shining jewel of Buddhist scholarship, Vikramashila University, founded in the 8th century CE by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty, was its brilliant counterpart. Built on the banks of the Ganges, Vikramashila became renowned for its specialization in Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana). Unlike the free atmosphere of Takshashila, Vikramashila was stricter, with a well-structured organization of six colleges, each devoted to a distinct subject. The monks who studied here followed rigorous codes of discipline, and yet their intellectual life thrived in debates and deep philosophical inquiry. Among its most famous alumni was Atisha Dipankara, who journeyed to Tibet and played a pivotal role in reviving Buddhism there. His work inspired Tibetan Buddhism for centuries, showing how far Vikramashila’s influence traveled.
Together, Takshashila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila paint a vivid picture of India’s ancient educational tradition. Takshashila was a place of freedom and experimentation, where future kings and doctors honed their skills. Nalanda was a grand international hub, with its enormous libraries and vibrant debates echoing across Asia. Vikramashila, with its disciplined focus and spiritual depth, carried Buddhist philosophy to distant lands. What bound them all was their vision of education—not just as the accumulation of facts, but as a journey of the mind and spirit, a path to wisdom and cultural exchange.
Though invaders eventually destroyed these great institutions, their stories survive in chronicles, ruins, and in the traditions they inspired. They remind us that India once stood at the crossroads of global learning, a place where the pursuit of knowledge was cherished as one of life’s highest callings. And in their legacy, we can still find inspiration to imagine education not merely as training for a livelihood, but as the shaping of civilization itself.
